Volume 30, Issue 3
The Influence of SAQ Training on the Change-of-direction Movement Ability of College Basketball Players159-166
Yunlong Fang
doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.001061
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Yunlong Fang (2026) The Influence of SAQ Training on the Change-of-direction Movement Ability of College Basketball Players, Int J Bioautomation, 30 (3), 159-166, doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.001061
Abstract: In this paper, 20 male basketball varsity team players were divided into a control group adopting conventional agility training and an experimental group adopting speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training. The two groups of players were for their change-of-direction movement ability before and after the eight-week training. The test content included T-shape running test, Nebraska agility test, Illinois test, and zigzag dribble and layup comprehensive test. The results showed that SAQ training could effectively improve the players' change-of-direction movement ability.

Keywords: Basketball movement, Change-of-direction movement, SAQ training, Agility.
Antibodies, Fluorescent Markers and Their Conjugates. Preparation and Purification of Fluorescently Labeled Antibodies167-180
Katya Gabrovska, Dobromir Petrov
doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.001119
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Katya Gabrovska, Dobromir Petrov (2026) Antibodies, Fluorescent Markers and Their Conjugates. Preparation and Purification of Fluorescently Labeled Antibodies, Int J Bioautomation, 30 (3), 167-180, doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.001119
Abstract: Immunoassays are highly selective bioanalytical methods that detect or quantify analytes using antibodies or antigens as biorecognition elements. In fluorescent immunoassays, fluorescent probes serve as sensitive and versatile detectable signals, enabling quantitative and multiplexed analysis. The performance of these assays critically depends on the properties of the antibodies, fluorescent markers, and their conjugates. This review summarizes both classical fluorescent dyes, derived from cyanine, fluorescein, rhodamine, and coumarin, which established the foundations of immunofluorescence, and modern fluorophores developed over the last decade with improved photostability, brightness, and spectral definition. Particular emphasis is placed on chemical strategies for the preparation of antibody-fluorophore conjugates, as well as on purification and validation methods that ensure conjugate stability and preservation of antigen-binding activity. Recent advances in fluorophore development and conjugation approaches relevant to diagnostic and biomedical applications are also discussed, highlighting the transition from traditional random labeling methods to more controlled and reproducible practices.

Keywords: Antibody, Fluorophore, Conjugates
Innovative Model for Assessment and Prevention of Mental Health at Work in Healthcare in the Post-COVID Period181-190
Teodora Dimitrova, Tsvetelina Tarpomanova, Antoaneta Tsvetkova, Yana Tosheva, Anna Todorova, Mariya Ivanova
doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.001138
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Teodora Dimitrova, Tsvetelina Tarpomanova, Antoaneta Tsvetkova, Yana Tosheva, Anna Todorova, Mariya Ivanova (2026) Innovative Model for Assessment and Prevention of Mental Health at Work in Healthcare in the Post-COVID Period, Int J Bioautomation, 30 (3), 181-190, doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.001138
Abstract: COVID-19 burdened the health system unsuspectedly, particularly first-line auditors – doctors, pharmacists, and public health inspectors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence occupational stress and burnout among frontline healthcare professionals. The survey includes 491 individuals: 221 master pharmacists, 151 assistant pharmacists and 119 public health inspectors. The following methods have been employed: sociological methods, including a direct survey, accompanied by tools to assess stress, anxiety, depression, and burnout. The occupational characteristics that have the most significant impact on the occupational stress, depression and anxiety of healthcare professionals working on the frontline during the COVID pandemic are the lack of time, the need for urgent decision-making, insufficient professional qualifications for specific professional roles, the lack of clear rules at work, some ergonomic risks and the working atmosphere. Ultimately, the innovative model for mental health at work developed through this research highlights that post-pandemic prevention strategies must prioritize the elimination of “structural-cognitive gaps”. By targeting specific risk factors-namely time scarcity, role ambiguity, and inadequate professional support-the model serves as a vital tool for protecting the psychological well-being of those at the forefront of medical care.

Keywords: Mental health at work, Stress, Anxiety, Depression
Design and Development of a Smart Mobile-based Optical pH Sensor Using Paper Microfluidics for Oral Health191-208
Deepak Vadlamudi, Amit Kumar Singh, Sandeep Kumar Jha
doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.1082
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Deepak Vadlamudi, Amit Kumar Singh, Sandeep Kumar Jha (2026) Design and Development of a Smart Mobile-based Optical pH Sensor Using Paper Microfluidics for Oral Health, Int J Bioautomation, 30 (3), 191-208, doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.1082
Abstract: We have developed and validated a handheld optical pH sensor for monitoring saliva suitable for biomedical diagnostics. The system utilizes a cost-effective paper-based test strip, where a pH responsive dye (phenol red) was immobilized on grade one cellulose filter paper. A pH change leads to a visible colour change on the strip. This change is quantitatively detected by a custom electronic meter that minimizes interference from ambient light. The sensor accurately detects pH values ranging from 6.0 to 7.8, utilizing a 570 nm light-emitting diode that corresponds with the peak absorption of phenol red. It has 2371.4 counts per pH sensitivity, and the calibration slopes indicate a limit of detection of 0.166 pH units for the green channel and 0.244 pH units for the red channel. The data read by the electronic circuit was sent to the Android-based smartphone for the display of the pH values using the USB protocol. The results are rapid (60 seconds) and a strong linear relationship of 0.96% accuracy between actual and predicted values. Field validation against the laboratory pH meters demonstrated a strong correlation. This simple, low-cost, eco-friendly platform is ideal for mass screening and self-monitoring, as a quick, non-invasive pH assessment is required.

Keywords: Handheld optical detection, pH sensor, Paper microfluidics, Point of care diagnostics, Smart mobile
Frequency of Dribbling as a Form of Speed Manifestation in Highly Qualified Female Hockey Players209-223
Igor Shishkov, Antonio Antonov, Kapka Mancheva, Dayana Petkova, Olympia Roeva
doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.001182
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Igor Shishkov, Antonio Antonov, Kapka Mancheva, Dayana Petkova, Olympia Roeva (2026) Frequency of Dribbling as a Form of Speed Manifestation in Highly Qualified Female Hockey Players, Int J Bioautomation, 30 (3), 209-223, doi: 10.7546/ijba.2026.30.3.001182
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between hand movement frequency during dribbling and sensorimotor reaction speed in elite female hockey players. Simple visual-motor reaction (SVMR) and central nervous system activation were assessed using the Psychophysiological UPFT-1/30 apparatus. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations: rotational hand movements under fatigue correlated inversely with SVMR speed (r = -0.698, p < 0.01) and positively with error rates (r = 0.579, p < 0.05). Additionally, older players exhibited a lower ratio of total delay to lead time in the “Reaction to a moving object” test (r = -0.698, p < 0.01). Principal Component Analysis identified three main components explaining 78.27% of the total variance: an integrated sensorimotor coordination dimension (PC1 = 45.96%), anthropometric-strength traits (PC2 = 17.45%), and reaction accuracy (PC3 = 14.86%). Overall, while constrained by a small sample size, these findings highlight the multidimensional nature of elite hockey performance, where neuromotor regulation accounts for the largest share of inter-individual variability.

Keywords: Field hockey, Stick rotation frequency, Simple visual-motor reaction, Reaction to a moving object, Highly skilled female hockey players



Sponsored by National Science Fund of Bulgaria, Grant No КП-06-НП7/3, 2026

National Science Fund of Bulgaria is not responsible for the content of the materials.

© 2026, Published by Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, BAS